Date of Award

5-2026

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Arts in History

Department

History

First Reader/Committee Chair

Diana Johnson

Abstract

In the past few decades, social and political discourse surrounding womanhood and who is considered a "real" woman has led to the execration of transgender women. This work will explore how recent discourse and rhetoric surrounding who is and who is not a “real woman” can be traced to nineteenth century notions of “true womanhood” that excluded women of color. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with westward expansion, settler colonialism, residential schools, slavery, and post-emancipation serving as backdrops, this work will also analyze how ideologies of womanhood have interrupted and suppressed women of color throughout Western American history. From Native American women who had their traditionally respected status as women stripped from them, Black American women who have had to fight for their humanity since “emancipation,” the weaponization and scapegoating of womanhood has passed over yet another vulnerable target with transwomen within the larger LGBT+ community.

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